摘要

4月28日，西班牙电网遭遇15吉瓦电力损失，相当于全国需求的60%，不仅导致全国大范围停电，还引发了葡萄牙的连锁反应。关键基础设施的崩溃使得35,000名火车乘客滞留，多项服务陷入瘫痪。经过19小时的紧急恢复，官方排除了网络攻击或极端天气的可能性。专家指出，此次事件揭示了高度依赖可再生能源的电网存在的脆弱性——西班牙和葡萄牙的可再生能源占比高达60-70%，远超欧盟其他国家30-50%的平均水平。尽管可再生能源缺乏传统涡轮机提供的电网惯性，但通过采用合成惯性技术或整合水电资源，可以有效提升电网稳定性。此外，电网互联系统的不足和备用电源的失效也是此次事故的原因之一，凸显了完善应急计划的重要性。长远来看，分散式的可再生能源网络有望增强电网的抗灾能力。目前，相关调查仍在进行中，此次事件为全球能源转型提供了宝贵的经验教训。

On April 28, Spain’s grid lost 15 GW (60% of national demand), triggering nationwide blackouts and cascading failures in Portugal. Critical infrastructure collapsed, stranding 35,000 train passengers and paralyzing services. Recovery took 19 hours, with authorities ruling out cyberattacks or weather causes. Experts warn the incident highlights vulnerabilities in renewable-heavy grids: Spain and Portugal rely on 60-70% renewables versus 30-50% in other EU nations. While renewables lack inertia from traditional turbines, solutions like synthetic inertia (flywheels) or hydropower integration could stabilize grids. Interconnected systems and backup failures also contributed, underscoring the need for robust contingency plans. Despite risks, decentralized renewable networks may enhance resilience long-term. Investigations continue, with lessons for global energy transitions.